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Write a 6 pages paper on islam: a universal and scientific religion. Islamic civilization flourished in a most remarkable manner during 900 and 1200. At its peak, Islamic civilization was considered to be the most magnificent and innovative in the world. China being major competitor had strong economic and intellectual associations with it. Innovative ideology and culture made Islam a world religion. Moreover, trade provided the base for diverse exposure and opportunity for the expansion of Islamic civilization. Economics was central to Islamic culture as Quran exhorts to “honor the honest merchant,” (qt. in Adler and Randall 199) that refer to the respect for trade and manufacturing in Islamic understanding. The same idea is rejected by Mahayana (Buddhists) and some Hindu casts (Adler and Randall 199).

Islam became the major successor of ancient Greek science in medieval ages. From 800 to 1300 CE, Islamic civilization was positioned as a world leader in every field of science. The absolute level of scientific activity is crucial as Muslim scientists in four centuries after Muhammad’s death were similar to the number of scientists after Thales in the same time period. Muslim scientists established the world’s first international scientific community in true sense which is extended from Iberia to Central Asia. Irrespective of its role and scholarly importance, Islamic civilization’s scientific aspects are ignored as a passage that passively transmitted ancient Greek science to the European Middle Ages. However, it is ahistorical to consider a history of Islamic science only as a part or link to European science. Islamic science should be studied in its own terms and should be considered universal, not just Eastern or Western (McClellan and Harold 105). Major criticism under discussion is presented by Edis, as he attributes Islam as a non-scientific religion which is not inherently open to science or scientific research.