Organic chemistry homework help
Organic chemistry homework help.
- The modern definition of organic chemistry is ___.
- Organic compounds were originally defined as compounds obtained from ___.
- The bond that results when two atoms share a pair of electrons is called a ___.
- Draw the Lewis structure of acetic acid, CH3CO2H, clearly indicating all non-bonding pairs of electrons.
- 148) Even though nitrogen and phosphorus have the same number of valence electrons, nitrogen can only bond to chlorine four times forming NCl4+ but phosphorus can bond with chlorine five times forming PCl5. Explain.
- 149) Constitutional isomers differ in the ___.
- 150) Draw all the isomers of C4H9Br, using bond-line formulas.
- 153) Draw the Lewis structure of the nitrite ion, NO2– , clearly indicating resonance contributors as well as non-bonding pairs of electrons and formal charges, as relevant.
- Define an orbital.
- There are three fundamental rules that we use in writing electronic configurations for atoms and molecules. The configuration shown below (for oxygen) violates one of these rules. Which one?
- When atomic orbitals of opposite phase overlap a(n) ___ molecular orbital is formed.
- The molecule N2 does not show an absorption in an IR spectrum because the dipole moment of the molecule does not change with the absorption of IR energy.
- Hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon double bonds are referred to as ___.
- All of the carbon-carbon bonds in ___ are equal to one and one-half bonds and have a bond length in between that of a single bond and a double bond with all of the bond angles at ___.
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons may be distinguished from saturated hydrocarbons by the presence of one or more ___.
- Draw all isomers of C6H14.
- A polar covalent bond is one in which electrons are ___.
- The ___ is defined as the product of the magnitude of the charge of a particle and the distance that separates them.
- Carbon dioxide is non-polar, despite the fact that oxygen is much more electronegative than carbon. Briefly explain why, using relevant diagrams as appropriate to illustrate your answer.
- Nitromethane is a polar molecule but contains 2 equal polar covalent bonds. Briefly explain why and draw a relevant 3-dimensional structure to show the overall dipole moment of the molecule.
- Organic compounds are classified into chemical families on the basis of similarities in chemical properties; these similarities are primarily due to the presence of characteristic arrangements of atoms known as ___.
- Draw all isomers of C6H12O that are aldehydes.
- Draw all isomers of C5H10O that are ketones.
- Draw all of the isomers of C5H9N that are nitriles.
- Ethanol, C2H5OH, and propane, C3H8, have approximately the same molar mass, yet ethanol has a much higher boiling point. Briefly explain why.
- Ethanol, C2H5OH, and dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3, have the same molar mass, yet ethanol has a much higher boiling point. Briefly explain why.
- Sodium chloride, which is quite soluble in water, is not very soluble in hexane. Why?
- Explain why the compound shown is considered to be capable of being a soap (dissolving oily substances off of surfaces using water).
- Examine the following IR spectrum, for substance Q (C7H14O2). Which oxygen containing functional group is most likely present in Q?
- According to Bronsted-Lowry theory, an acid is a substance that can ___.
- The molecule or ion that is formed when an acid loses its proton is called the ___.
- When drawing mechanisms, chemists generally use curved arrows. The curved arrow begins at a(n) ___ rich area and points toward a(n) ___ deficient area.
- According to Lewis theory, a base is a substance that can ___.
- A substance that can donate a lone pair of electrons is a ___ according to ___ theory.
- The isomer of alanine shown below is one of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids that are used to make proteins. Amino acids like alanine exist at neutral acidity (pH = 7) in the following form:
What would be the structure of alanine if HCl(aq) was added to lower the pH = 1? What would be the structure of alanine if NaOH(aq) was added until the pH = 12?
- Write an equation to show the reaction between ethanol, C2H5OH and methyllithium, CH3 Draw all non-bonding electrons and show electron flow with curved arrows.
- Write an equation that shows the reaction between acetic acid (CH3COOH) and triethylamine (CH3CH2)3 Draw all non-bonding lone electron pairs and show the electron flow with curved arrows.
- Why do water-insoluble carboxylic acids dissolve in aqueous sodium hydroxide?
- Briefly, but clearly, explain why the –OH hydrogen in acetic acid (CH3CO2H) is more acidic than in ethanol (C2H5OH).
- Define a protic solvent.
- Draw an arrow pushing mechanism to illustrate the formation of t-butyl bromide from t-butanol and draw in the necessary intermediates and products formed.
- You are planning to carry out a reaction between propyne, CH3C≡CH and sodium amide, NaNH2. You also need to choose an appropriate solvent for carrying out the reaction. Would ethanol be suitable for this purpose? Explain your rationale clearly.