Science Homework Help

– I need two final type questions made.  You did some previous work for me in this course already, so you can use

that as reference if you like for two questions.

– The questions must be in any of the following formats:

Matching

Multiple Select

Multiple Choice

Calculations

Short answer

– I will also need a short answer for the question that you provide. 

TOPICS:

Science and the scientific method

Understand the difference between basic and applied science.

Understand the difference between chemical and physical properties.

Define chemistry.

Understand risk-benefits in relation to a knowledge of chemistry. 

The Chemical View of Matter

Relate these terms and differentiate among them: matter, pure substances, mixtures, elements, and compounds.

Understand about reactants and products.

Understand chemical compound names, subscripts and structural formulas.

Understand qualitative and quantitative properties.

Atoms and the Periodic Table

Understand the law of conservation of matter and the law of definite proportions.

Discuss the features of the periodic table, including the groups it contains, and the locations of metals and nonmetals.

Understand the difference between atoms and molecules, and between the symbols for elements and the formulas for chemical compounds.

Name selected chemical elements and compounds.

Understand valence electrons, electronegativity, molecular size and orientation on the periodic table. 

Understand element groups and periods.

Air and environmental pollution

Describe air in terms of its major components and their relative amounts.

Understand oxygen’s role in chemical combustion, including how carbon dioxide burns to from carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and soot.

Understand atmospheric pressure and the major atmospheric layers (stratosphere, troposphere, ozone layer)

Identify the sources and nature of air pollution.

Describe how ozone forms, including how sunlight, NO, NO2, and VOC’s are involved.

List the major pollutants and describe the effects of each on humans.

Chemical Bonding and States of Matter

Write and interpret chemical formulas.

Balance chemical equations.

Differentiate atomic number from mass number. Be able to apply mass number to describing isotopes.

Understand the States of Matter.

Be familiar with bond energies and recognize calculations.

Differentiate between covalent and ionic bonding.

Be familiar with lone electron pairs and their impact on bonding.

Understand electronegativity and its impact on bonding. 

Be able to identify solvents and solutes.

Understand boiling point, vapor pressure and miscibility/solubility.

Apply the terms endothermic and exothermic to chemical systems.

Interpret chemical equations and basic thermodynamic relationships to calculate heats of reaction (especially heats of reaction like heat of combustion).

Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect

Understand the different processes that take part in the Earth’s energy balance.

Realize the difference between the Earth’s natural greenhouse effect and the enhanced greenhouse effect.

List the major greenhouse gases and explain why each has the appropriate molecular geometry to be a greenhouse gas. Understand the major role that certain atmospheric gases play in the greenhouse effect.

Describe various approaches towards reducing CO2 emissions.

Describe and define the ratified Kyoto Protocol and explain world and U.S. policy towards it.

Compare how the issue of global warming is both similar to and different from the issue of ozone depletion.

Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Layer

Describe the chemical nature of ozone, location of the ozone layer, and factors affecting its existence.

Describe the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of frequency, wavelength, and energy.

Interpret graphs related to wavelength and energy, radiation and biological damage, and ozone depletion.

Understand how the stratospheric ozone layer protects against harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Compare energies and the biological effects of UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C radiation and understand the interaction of radiation with matter and the biological changes caused by these interactions.

Understand and explain the circumstances responsible for seasonal ozone depletion in the Antarctic.

Discuss the factors that will lead to the recovery of the ozone layer.

Chemical Reactivity: Chemicals in Action

Understand how molar mass is defined and used.

Define Avogadro’s number and use it to calculate the average mass of an atom.

Understand the concept of “mole” and how it is used in chemical calculations.

Understand the concept of activation energy and catalysts.

Understand the difference between entropy and enthalpy.

Be familiar with the laws of thermodynamics.

Acid-Base Reactions

Understand the difference between strong and weak acids and bases.

Understand the importance and be able to use the acid-base equation: [H3O+][OH-] = 1 X 10-14.

Understand how buffers work

Be able to calculate molarity.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Understand oxidation-reduction reactions.

Be able to identify oxidizing and reducing agents (and compounds that are oxidized and reduced). 

Understand how electrochemical cells work.

Understand how batteries work.

Be familiar with the underlying process of corrosion. 

Water Chemistry 

Explain how ionic and covalent substances dissolve in water.

Recognize the sources and distribution of water.

Understand why water is an excellent solvent for some ionic and some (polar) covalent compounds.

Use concentration units (percent, ppm, ppb, and molarity) to describe solutions that contain water.

Understand the relationship between the properties (specific heat, electronegativity, bond polarity, etc.) of water and its molecular structure.

Discuss how drinking water is made safe to drink.

Energy and Hydrocarbons

Distinguish between energy and heat and be able to convert among the energy units of joules and calories, and Calories.

Relate the energy theoretically from a process with the efficiency of that process.

Interpret chemical equations and basic thermodynamic relationships to calculate heats of reaction (especially heats of reaction like heat of combustion).

Use bond energies to describe the energy content of materials, and to calculate energy changes in reactions.

Describe the factors related to the United States’ dependency on fossil fuels for energy and be able to evaluate the risks and benefits associated with petroleum, coal, and natural gas as fossil fuel energy sources.

Describe why reformulated and oxygenated gasolines are used.

Nuclear Changes and Nuclear Power

Explain the process of nuclear fission and the role of neutrons in sustaining a chain reaction, and the source of the energy it produces.

Apply the concept of half-life to radiocarbon dating and the storage of nuclear waste.

Compare and contrast how electricity is produced in a conventional power plant and in a nuclear power plant.

Compare the processes of alpha, beta, and gamma decay in the nucleus of an atom.

Understand and define the concepts of radiation and radioactive decay.

Explain how the radioactive decay of uranium-238 leads to the production of a series of radioisotopes.

Describe the accident at Chernobyl and explain why radioactive iodine was released and was hazardous to people.

Evaluate radioisotopes in terms of their health hazards.

Assess the risks and benefits in regard to the use of nuclear power.

Nutrition: The Basis of Healthy Living

Understand what nutrition is.

Know the difference between major nutritional components like fiber, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, etc.

Be able to identify the health benefits (or detriment) to HDLs and LDLs.

Understand why minerals and nutrients (inorganics) are needed in the human diet. 

Be able to generally describe the process of digestion.

Life Chemistry

Know the difference between the major compounds associated with life chemistry

Carbohydrates (mono saccharides vs. poly saccharides)

Lipids (fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol)

Proteins (amino acids, polypeptides)

Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)

Be able to identify and describe the essential function of each type of life chemistry biomolecule ( as mentioned above)

A. Matching type1.2.3.4.5.6. Combustion is a/an ___ reactionCells that undergo non-spontaneous chemical reactionsMost basic unit of carbohydratesBoiling point, melting point, color, smell…